13 min read

Supplementary information

2025-08-24

Experimental design

## [1] "Total shoot observations: 57308"
## [1] "Total years: 10"
## [1] "Total shoot trajectories: 5842"

Treatments

warming treatment

watering treatment

canopy

difference in
aboveground temperature

difference in
soil moisture

ambient

ambient

closed

0.00253 ± 0.176

0.000182 ± 0.0224

+1.7 °C

ambient

closed

1.63 ± 0.434

-0.000848 ± 0.0258

+3.4 °C

ambient

closed

3.47 ± 0.153

-0.0223 ± 0.0217

ambient

ambient

open

-0.0216 ± 0.113

0.000838 ± 0.0193

+1.7 °C

ambient

open

1.64 ± 0.179

-0.0260 ± 0.0180

+3.4 °C

ambient

open

3.23 ± 0.176

-0.0445 ± 0.0189

ambient

reduced

open

-0.0227 ± 0.142

0.000861 ± 0.0144

+1.7 °C

reduced

open

1.61 ± 0.199

-0.0194 ± 0.0150

+3.4 °C

reduced

open

3.22 ± 0.196

-0.0463 ± 0.0301

Model results

Conceptual

Modeled effects

(A) start

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

-4.75
(-13.8, 7.06)

Picea glauca

-6.95
(-11.1, -1.72)

-3.93
(-10.6, 5.43)

-7.42
(-14.0, 1.28)

Pinus banksiana

-6.31
(-16.4, 5.67)

-6.17
(-17.4, 8.85)

-5.35
(-16.0, 9.27)

Abies balsamea

-0.430
(-5.40, 3.28)

-4.83
(-12.7, 5.91)

-6.05
(-14.7, 5.03)

Pinus resinosa

-5.63
(-13.7, 5.21)

Pinus strobus

-12.3
(-21.8, -2.98)

-7.39
(-16.4, 5.30)

-8.02
(-18.3, 6.01)

Tsuga canadensis

-9.43
(-18.6, 2.20)

Populus tremuloides

-0.449
(-13.2, 10.4)

-9.25
(-18.4, 2.40)

-7.90
(-18.6, 4.42)

Betula papyrifera

-0.895
(-9.58, 7.99)

-5.98
(-15.6, 6.94)

-11.1
(-21.1, 1.93)

Betula alleghaniensis

-1.94
(-12.2, 11.4)

Quercus macrocarpa

-7.81
(-13.3, -3.31)

-7.62
(-14.0, 0.781)

-10.6
(-16.6, -3.60)

Acer negundo

-1.88
(-9.28, 8.13)

Acer saccharum

-1.91
(-11.9, 5.23)

-5.57
(-11.8, 2.71)

-7.39
(-12.7, -0.947)

Quercus rubra

-0.711
(-3.67, 1.79)

-11.3
(-17.0, -4.51)

-3.62
(-9.60, 3.57)

Tilia americana

-9.97
(-15.3, -3.22)

Acer rubrum

-5.62
(-14.2, 3.44)

-4.87
(-11.7, 3.67)

-2.79
(-10.3, 7.42)

Lonicera tatarica

-13.2
(-28.0, 3.44)

-2.99
(-16.1, 13.4)

Rhamnus cathartica

-7.42
(-15.4, 0.899)

-6.98
(-14.9, 2.36)

-8.47
(-14.2, -0.989)

Frangula alnus

-3.82
(-16.6, 10.7)

-9.63
(-27.5, 11.1)

Lonicera morrowii

-11.1
(-27.1, 7.64)

-4.82
(-16.3, 7.55)

(B) total growth

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

-12.5
(-31.2, 11.8)

Picea glauca

-14.4
(-49.1, 42.8)

-28.7
(-50.4, 1.59)

-26.9
(-47.5, 1.02)

Pinus banksiana

13.4
(-29.7, 85.3)

-9.01
(-35.1, 27.8)

-9.68
(-34.0, 24.4)

Abies balsamea

-30.0
(-60.0, 22.3)

-24.5
(-50.3, 14.0)

-34.6
(-56.7, -0.227)

Pinus resinosa

8.60
(-10.2, 31.5)

Pinus strobus

-29.7
(-63.1, 36.4)

-13.5
(-40.8, 27.2)

-28.6
(-52.2, 5.85)

Tsuga canadensis

13.8
(-12.9, 48.6)

Populus tremuloides

68.6
(-9.15, 220)

38.5
(-29.7, 170)

-32.6
(-69.4, 47.4)

Betula papyrifera

13.9
(-38.1, 105)

52.2
(9.87, 109)

82.8
(12.7, 202)

Betula alleghaniensis

-0.810
(-31.2, 42.4)

Quercus macrocarpa

31.6
(-25.8, 129)

10.6
(-25.1, 64.3)

-25.4
(-50.0, 10.7)

Acer negundo

93.8
(51.5, 149)

Acer saccharum

178
(50.8, 421)

128
(44.9, 258)

81.3
(11.0, 199)

Quercus rubra

63.1
(-6.09, 181)

14.4
(-27.3, 76.5)

18.0
(-27.1, 89.9)

Tilia americana

54.0
(17.8, 101)

Acer rubrum

31.2
(-33.6, 163)

12.7
(-25.6, 69.2)

28.7
(-27.1, 128)

Lonicera tatarica

0.526
(-60.6, 164)

197
(18.4, 646)

Rhamnus cathartica

133
(22.7, 328)

85.0
(-13.2, 288)

47.3
(-30.4, 202)

Frangula alnus

41.9
(-47.8, 282)

-15.6
(-69.6, 144)

Lonicera morrowii

27.2
(-52.0, 247)

159
(-4.13, 575)

(C) duration

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

-2.69
(-25.9, 15.2)

Picea glauca

-0.386
(-5.27, 3.35)

-3.05
(-21.3, 9.75)

1.52
(-15.7, 13.7)

Pinus banksiana

-0.0766
(-23.8, 17.0)

-0.986
(-30.3, 19.9)

-3.75
(-32.3, 16.2)

Abies balsamea

-0.114
(-5.78, 4.12)

-1.56
(-23.4, 13.2)

-1.10
(-22.2, 14.0)

Pinus resinosa

-4.74
(-26.3, 11.5)

Pinus strobus

0.206
(-11.9, 10.1)

-1.99
(-26.9, 15.4)

-4.39
(-32.3, 15.7)

Tsuga canadensis

2.92
(-20.4, 20.9)

Populus tremuloides

0.443
(-5.90, 7.39)

1.82
(-19.9, 18.5)

0.867
(-15.7, 13.6)

Betula papyrifera

-0.232
(-6.60, 4.35)

0.595
(-24.8, 18.8)

2.71
(-22.2, 20.6)

Betula alleghaniensis

-8.70
(-35.5, 11.2)

Quercus macrocarpa

-0.0841
(-4.90, 3.91)

0.121
(-16.1, 11.4)

1.34
(-12.0, 11.6)

Acer negundo

-3.74
(-23.4, 10.2)

Acer saccharum

-0.139
(-6.06, 4.69)

-0.282
(-16.1, 10.5)

0.735
(-11.2, 9.64)

Quercus rubra

-0.348
(-4.70, 3.17)

1.87
(-10.6, 11.3)

-0.881
(-13.7, 8.08)

Tilia americana

3.77
(-9.26, 13.7)

Acer rubrum

-0.138
(-4.99, 3.51)

0.584
(-16.0, 13.4)

-0.771
(-20.5, 13.0)

Lonicera tatarica

-0.550
(-27.2, 21.1)

0.124
(-31.4, 23.2)

Rhamnus cathartica

0.302
(-5.02, 4.83)

0.174
(-15.2, 11.5)

-0.0999
(-13.3, 9.79)

Frangula alnus

-0.0892
(-26.8, 21.0)

0.739
(-40.4, 35.1)

Lonicera morrowii

0.676
(-32.7, 27.1)

0.335
(-21.7, 19.2)

(D) speed

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

-0.00344
(-2.31, 1.82)

Picea glauca

-0.483
(-18.8, 17.7)

-0.212
(-5.99, 4.01)

-1.57
(-7.28, 2.52)

Pinus banksiana

0.459
(-5.67, 5.53)

-0.0777
(-3.63, 2.59)

0.334
(-3.54, 3.28)

Abies balsamea

-4.11
(-23.8, 12.9)

-0.505
(-5.45, 3.09)

-1.03
(-5.94, 2.60)

Pinus resinosa

0.598
(-1.12, 1.99)

Pinus strobus

-2.20
(-14.4, 5.69)

-0.0560
(-3.94, 2.65)

-0.189
(-3.94, 2.64)

Tsuga canadensis

-0.0640
(-2.79, 2.06)

Populus tremuloides

5.05
(-8.79, 26.8)

0.501
(-6.85, 6.58)

-2.17
(-15.4, 5.05)

Betula papyrifera

2.48
(-16.6, 23.5)

0.890
(-2.68, 3.63)

1.11
(-2.60, 4.12)

Betula alleghaniensis

0.647
(-1.26, 2.13)

Quercus macrocarpa

4.53
(-14.3, 27.6)

0.363
(-5.72, 5.05)

-1.99
(-9.78, 3.45)

Acer negundo

2.21
(0.539, 3.63)

Acer saccharum

15.5
(0.565, 46.3)

3.68
(-1.21, 8.17)

2.79
(-3.68, 8.67)

Quercus rubra

9.86
(-8.33, 33.8)

-0.387
(-8.28, 5.50)

1.55
(-6.87, 8.27)

Tilia americana

0.658
(-2.51, 3.27)

Acer rubrum

5.10
(-14.8, 29.6)

0.246
(-5.25, 4.31)

1.08
(-3.65, 4.82)

Lonicera tatarica

0.186
(-7.26, 6.48)

3.00
(-1.99, 13.4)

Rhamnus cathartica

10.5
(-7.39, 37.3)

3.11
(-4.41, 14.1)

2.41
(-7.75, 14.8)

Frangula alnus

1.15
(-7.73, 11.6)

-0.390
(-9.15, 5.05)

Lonicera morrowii

0.538
(-5.48, 5.91)

3.55
(-2.89, 17.3)

(A) start

term

estimate

intercept

-5.58 ± 1.59 (0.0012)

deciduous angiosperm tree

-1.86 ± 2.05 (0.3708)

exotic shrub

-3.19 ± 2.25 (0.1646)

closed canopy

-0.971 ± 1.99 (0.6289)

reduced rainfall

-1.13 ± 2.25 (0.6175)

deciduous angiosperm tree:closed canopy

4.94 ± 2.60 (0.0655)

exotic shrub:closed canopy

2.32 ± 4.07 (0.5731)

deciduous angiosperm tree:reduced rainfall

1.33 ± 2.90 (0.6496)

exotic shrub:reduced rainfall

3.42 ± 3.18 (0.2888)

(B) total growth

term

estimate

intercept

-0.215 ± 0.158 (0.1827)

deciduous angiosperm tree

0.535 ± 0.204 (0.0127)

exotic shrub

0.517 ± 0.223 (0.0264)

closed canopy

0.120 ± 0.198 (0.5480)

reduced rainfall

-0.0796 ± 0.223 (0.7236)

deciduous angiosperm tree:closed canopy

-0.0189 ± 0.259 (0.9423)

exotic shrub:closed canopy

0.421 ± 0.405 (0.3054)

deciduous angiosperm tree:reduced rainfall

-0.0862 ± 0.288 (0.7669)

exotic shrub:reduced rainfall

0.342 ± 0.316 (0.2865)

(C) duration

term

estimate

intercept

-1.89 ± 1.08 (0.0884)

deciduous angiosperm tree

2.68 ± 1.40 (0.0629)

exotic shrub

1.95 ± 1.53 (0.2112)

closed canopy

1.20 ± 1.36 (0.3826)

reduced rainfall

-0.0361 ± 1.53 (0.9813)

deciduous angiosperm tree:closed canopy

-3.00 ± 1.77 (0.0987)

exotic shrub:closed canopy

-0.949 ± 2.77 (0.7342)

deciduous angiosperm tree:reduced rainfall

-0.0828 ± 1.98 (0.9668)

exotic shrub:reduced rainfall

0.258 ± 2.16 (0.9059)

(D) speed

term

estimate

intercept

-0.00213 ± 0.0125 (0.8656)

deciduous angiosperm tree

0.0108 ± 0.0161 (0.5062)

exotic shrub

0.0145 ± 0.0177 (0.4190)

closed canopy

-0.00632 ± 0.0157 (0.6891)

reduced rainfall

-0.00404 ± 0.0177 (0.8207)

deciduous angiosperm tree:closed canopy

0.0466 ± 0.0205 (0.0290)

exotic shrub:closed canopy

0.0941 ± 0.0320 (0.0058)

deciduous angiosperm tree:reduced rainfall

-0.000903 ± 0.0228 (0.9687)

exotic shrub:reduced rainfall

0.0128 ± 0.0250 (0.6118)

Baseline in ambient plots

(A) start

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

123
(111, 132)

Picea glauca

140
(133, 145)

126
(116, 133)

128
(118, 136)

Pinus banksiana

114
(89.2, 128)

99.8
(82.2, 112)

105
(89.5, 117)

Abies balsamea

145
(137, 152)

130
(117, 139)

134
(121, 144)

Pinus resinosa

112
(104, 119)

Pinus strobus

129
(112, 140)

113
(98.9, 123)

115
(101, 126)

Tsuga canadensis

124
(113, 133)

Populus tremuloides

140
(126, 148)

131
(107, 144)

139
(118, 152)

Betula papyrifera

152
(142, 160)

123
(110, 133)

131
(117, 141)

Betula alleghaniensis

125
(115, 134)

Quercus macrocarpa

138
(131, 145)

126
(116, 132)

130
(121, 136)

Acer negundo

107
(99.0, 115)

Acer saccharum

142
(131, 151)

125
(115, 133)

129
(121, 136)

Quercus rubra

136
(128, 143)

130
(123, 136)

129
(121, 137)

Tilia americana

124
(117, 129)

Acer rubrum

146
(136, 153)

128
(118, 136)

125
(113, 133)

Lonicera tatarica

114
(75.2, 131)

112
(66.9, 130)

Rhamnus cathartica

141
(132, 148)

134
(113, 146)

138
(121, 148)

Frangula alnus

138
(93.3, 154)

125
(71.3, 151)

Lonicera morrowii

113
(66.7, 133)

123
(85.6, 136)

(B) total growth

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

35.3
(22.6, 53.9)

Picea glauca

35.4
(21.7, 58.4)

126
(94.3, 171)

106
(80.0, 136)

Pinus banksiana

175
(126, 251)

382
(262, 532)

406
(314, 512)

Abies balsamea

46.7
(29.4, 77.6)

104
(76.6, 140)

91.3
(66.0, 126)

Pinus resinosa

94.7
(67.0, 138)

Pinus strobus

92.8
(56.3, 154)

152
(84.3, 268)

189
(126, 272)

Tsuga canadensis

66.9
(32.6, 123)

Populus tremuloides

34.9
(23.1, 54.2)

194
(115, 322)

224
(125, 405)

Betula papyrifera

121
(78.0, 190)

242
(173, 337)

167
(110, 242)

Betula alleghaniensis

72.3
(45.8, 117)

Quercus macrocarpa

50.0
(31.8, 82.0)

98.0
(70.9, 138)

112
(77.1, 166)

Acer negundo

38.1
(31.1, 47.7)

Acer saccharum

46.5
(27.2, 83.9)

83.6
(49.1, 138)

80.7
(52.1, 124)

Quercus rubra

55.8
(36.0, 86.1)

145
(102, 215)

127
(84.8, 194)

Tilia americana

51.8
(39.6, 67.8)

Acer rubrum

49.3
(31.1, 78.8)

138
(89.9, 207)

90.7
(54.2, 149)

Lonicera tatarica

59.2
(29.2, 121)

57.4
(29.0, 114)

Rhamnus cathartica

46.5
(29.3, 76.4)

41.9
(21.4, 86.9)

57.7
(29.7, 115)

Frangula alnus

142
(62.1, 312)

294
(119, 633)

Lonicera morrowii

49.2
(22.9, 105)

25.7
(11.7, 57.0)

(C) duration

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

68.9
(52.0, 91.8)

Picea glauca

8.57
(5.99, 21.0)

40.8
(27.9, 59.3)

40.8
(28.0, 59.7)

Pinus banksiana

44.3
(19.0, 90.2)

68.3
(46.4, 101)

63.8
(42.8, 94.6)

Abies balsamea

9.79
(6.04, 24.4)

46.6
(30.7, 70.4)

46.5
(30.9, 69.5)

Pinus resinosa

65.3
(52.2, 81.9)

Pinus strobus

22.7
(9.09, 52.3)

55.0
(37.3, 81.6)

61.4
(42.1, 90.2)

Tsuga canadensis

73.0
(55.2, 94.2)

Populus tremuloides

10.8
(6.04, 38.9)

41.3
(17.3, 90.2)

30.7
(12.6, 70.2)

Betula papyrifera

11.0
(6.11, 27.3)

62.3
(43.8, 88.6)

59.6
(41.1, 86.5)

Betula alleghaniensis

72.1
(56.4, 91.6)

Quercus macrocarpa

8.81
(6.00, 21.4)

35.9
(23.8, 54.5)

31.0
(20.4, 47.5)

Acer negundo

54.1
(42.8, 69.2)

Acer saccharum

9.61
(6.01, 30.8)

34.0
(22.3, 52.8)

27.2
(17.3, 41.7)

Quercus rubra

8.27
(5.97, 19.1)

29.7
(19.6, 44.8)

27.3
(17.1, 42.4)

Tilia americana

40.3
(31.8, 51.8)

Acer rubrum

8.46
(5.99, 21.4)

40.3
(27.0, 58.9)

43.5
(28.2, 66.1)

Lonicera tatarica

47.7
(17.3, 123)

49.7
(15.9, 138)

Rhamnus cathartica

10.5
(6.17, 23.1)

26.5
(10.2, 68.2)

23.1
(8.43, 57.0)

Frangula alnus

40.9
(12.3, 130)

70.0
(20.7, 175)

Lonicera morrowii

57.6
(20.4, 150)

35.1
(11.0, 110)

(D) speed

species

closed canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
ambient rainfall

open canopy,
reduced rainfall

Picea mariana

1.07
(1.05, 1.10)

Picea glauca

1.50
(1.18, 1.87)

1.14
(1.10, 1.22)

1.13
(1.09, 1.20)

Pinus banksiana

1.12
(1.06, 1.28)

1.09
(1.06, 1.13)

1.10
(1.06, 1.14)

Abies balsamea

1.48
(1.17, 1.96)

1.11
(1.07, 1.17)

1.11
(1.07, 1.17)

Pinus resinosa

1.06
(1.04, 1.08)

Pinus strobus

1.20
(1.08, 1.55)

1.09
(1.06, 1.13)

1.09
(1.06, 1.13)

Tsuga canadensis

1.09
(1.06, 1.12)

Populus tremuloides

1.33
(1.08, 1.70)

1.14
(1.06, 1.36)

1.20
(1.08, 1.55)

Betula papyrifera

1.50
(1.18, 2.07)

1.09
(1.07, 1.14)

1.09
(1.06, 1.14)

Betula alleghaniensis

1.05
(1.04, 1.07)

Quercus macrocarpa

1.51
(1.19, 1.91)

1.15
(1.10, 1.24)

1.18
(1.11, 1.28)

Acer negundo

1.06
(1.04, 1.07)

Acer saccharum

1.33
(1.09, 1.68)

1.12
(1.07, 1.20)

1.15
(1.09, 1.26)

Quercus rubra

1.47
(1.18, 1.79)

1.19
(1.12, 1.30)

1.20
(1.12, 1.34)

Tilia americana

1.10
(1.08, 1.13)

Acer rubrum

1.49
(1.17, 1.85)

1.13
(1.09, 1.20)

1.11
(1.07, 1.17)

Lonicera tatarica

1.11
(1.04, 1.34)

1.10
(1.03, 1.35)

Rhamnus cathartica

1.46
(1.19, 1.94)

1.15
(1.05, 1.45)

1.19
(1.07, 1.61)

Frangula alnus

1.14
(1.04, 1.57)

1.11
(1.04, 1.42)

Lonicera morrowii

1.09
(1.04, 1.28)

1.11
(1.03, 1.41)

Implications

Growth rank

Duration vs speed

Trait

Correlation

(A) start

affiliation/niche/
trait

intercept

affiliation/niche/trait effect

context effect

interaction

leaf habit

-6.26 ± 0.592
(< 0.0001)

-0.0783 ± 1.04
(0.9406)

-1.54 ± 0.725
(0.0400)

1.54 ± 1.24
(0.2216)

biome

-5.62 ± 0.792
(< 0.0001)

-1.12 ± 0.987
(0.2613)

-2.15 ± 0.955
(0.0297)

1.79 ± 1.19
(0.1395)

origin

-7.96 ± 1.19
(< 0.0001)

1.81 ± 1.31
(0.1740)

1.08 ± 1.60
(0.5046)

-2.24 ± 1.72
(0.2018)

shoot growth type

-6.59 ± 0.606
(< 0.0001)

0.561 ± 0.992
(0.5749)

-0.320 ± 0.736
(0.6663)

-1.71 ± 1.19
(0.1588)

temperature niche

-6.35 ± 0.488
(< 0.0001)

0.0861 ± 0.502
(0.8647)

-0.992 ± 0.588
(0.0992)

0.587 ± 0.591
(0.3260)

precipitation niche

-6.33 ± 0.491
(< 0.0001)

0.241 ± 0.495
(0.6290)

-0.985 ± 0.591
(0.1033)

0.425 ± 0.603
(0.4844)

leaf dry matter content

-6.21 ± 0.555
(< 0.0001)

0.130 ± 0.565
(0.8195)

-1.40 ± 0.679
(0.0479)

-0.424 ± 0.679
(0.5364)

leaf thickness

-6.16 ± 0.569
(< 0.0001)

-0.0579 ± 0.577
(0.9207)

-1.46 ± 0.701
(0.0463)

0.571 ± 0.706
(0.4247)

specific leaf area

-6.07 ± 0.455
(< 0.0001)

0.467 ± 0.469
(0.3274)

-1.49 ± 0.553
(0.0112)

-1.07 ± 0.553
(0.0608)

(B) total growth

affiliation/niche/
trait

intercept

affiliation/niche/trait effect

context effect

interaction

leaf habit

0.365 ± 0.0585
(< 0.0001)

-0.566 ± 0.103
(< 0.0001)

-0.0726 ± 0.0716
(0.3165)

-0.0289 ± 0.122
(0.8148)

biome

-0.0337 ± 0.0974
(0.7307)

0.333 ± 0.121
(0.0090)

-0.0724 ± 0.117
(0.5411)

0.0421 ± 0.146
(0.7752)

origin

0.481 ± 0.144
(0.0018)

-0.390 ± 0.158
(0.0180)

-0.00559 ± 0.193
(0.9770)

-0.103 ± 0.208
(0.6214)

shoot growth type

0.114 ± 0.0776
(0.1476)

0.170 ± 0.127
(0.1868)

0.000977 ± 0.0942
(0.9918)

-0.109 ± 0.152
(0.4760)

temperature niche

0.181 ± 0.0566
(0.0027)

0.178 ± 0.0582
(0.0039)

-0.0477 ± 0.0682
(0.4879)

-0.0169 ± 0.0685
(0.8058)

precipitation niche

0.181 ± 0.0631
(0.0064)

0.0328 ± 0.0636
(0.6087)

-0.0440 ± 0.0760
(0.5655)

0.0111 ± 0.0775
(0.8863)

leaf dry matter content

0.169 ± 0.0618
(0.0100)

-0.218 ± 0.0630
(0.0015)

-0.0804 ± 0.0758
(0.2963)

0.0327 ± 0.0757
(0.6687)

leaf thickness

0.173 ± 0.0591
(0.0064)

-0.260 ± 0.0600
(0.0001)

-0.0784 ± 0.0730
(0.2908)

0.0167 ± 0.0735
(0.8216)

specific leaf area

0.127 ± 0.0498
(0.0153)

0.247 ± 0.0514
(< 0.0001)

-0.125 ± 0.0606
(0.0475)

0.0357 ± 0.0606
(0.5596)

(C) duration

affiliation/niche/
trait

intercept

affiliation/niche/trait effect

context effect

interaction

leaf habit

0.0385 ± 0.378
(0.9195)

-1.52 ± 0.667
(0.0284)

0.698 ± 0.463
(0.1393)

-1.36 ± 0.792
(0.0933)

biome

-0.357 ± 0.562
(0.5286)

-0.0684 ± 0.700
(0.9227)

0.268 ± 0.678
(0.6947)

0.0800 ± 0.844
(0.9250)

origin

0.157 ± 0.830
(0.8505)

-0.685 ± 0.912
(0.4571)

0.0645 ± 1.11
(0.9541)

0.211 ± 1.20
(0.8614)

shoot growth type

-0.590 ± 0.412
(0.1595)

0.559 ± 0.674
(0.4114)

-0.109 ± 0.500
(0.8285)

1.15 ± 0.808
(0.1609)

temperature niche

-0.400 ± 0.323
(0.2235)

0.448 ± 0.332
(0.1851)

0.315 ± 0.390
(0.4240)

-0.333 ± 0.391
(0.3990)

precipitation niche

-0.413 ± 0.334
(0.2234)

-0.0644 ± 0.337
(0.8492)

0.320 ± 0.403
(0.4312)

-0.261 ± 0.410
(0.5282)

leaf dry matter content

-0.431 ± 0.350
(0.2262)

-0.206 ± 0.356
(0.5671)

0.602 ± 0.428
(0.1697)

-0.0359 ± 0.428
(0.9337)

leaf thickness

-0.326 ± 0.332
(0.3342)

-0.242 ± 0.337
(0.4769)

0.447 ± 0.410
(0.2837)

-0.510 ± 0.412
(0.2256)

specific leaf area

-0.560 ± 0.325
(0.0941)

0.630 ± 0.335
(0.0690)

0.396 ± 0.395
(0.3236)

0.906 ± 0.395
(0.0284)

(D) speed

affiliation/niche/
trait

intercept

affiliation/niche/trait effect

context effect

interaction

leaf habit

0.0250 ± 0.00485
(< 0.0001)

-0.0308 ± 0.00857
(0.0009)

-0.0217 ± 0.00594
(0.0007)

0.0232 ± 0.0102
(0.0275)

biome

-0.000141 ± 0.00767
(0.9854)

0.0217 ± 0.00956
(0.0288)

-0.00594 ± 0.00925
(0.5241)

-0.00861 ± 0.0115
(0.4592)

origin

0.0338 ± 0.0117
(0.0063)

-0.0241 ± 0.0129
(0.0685)

-0.0234 ± 0.0157
(0.1442)

0.0109 ± 0.0169
(0.5241)

shoot growth type

0.0114 ± 0.00613
(0.0699)

0.00604 ± 0.0100
(0.5504)

-0.00823 ± 0.00744
(0.2751)

-0.00816 ± 0.0120
(0.5011)

temperature niche

0.0139 ± 0.00437
(0.0028)

0.0119 ± 0.00449
(0.0117)

-0.0117 ± 0.00526
(0.0321)

-0.00708 ± 0.00528
(0.1874)

precipitation niche

0.0138 ± 0.00486
(0.0068)

0.00434 ± 0.00490
(0.3813)

-0.0113 ± 0.00586
(0.0615)

-0.000139 ± 0.00597
(0.9815)

leaf dry matter content

0.0167 ± 0.00463
(0.0011)

-0.0168 ± 0.00471
(0.0012)

-0.0181 ± 0.00567
(0.0031)

0.0129 ± 0.00567
(0.0295)

leaf thickness

0.0171 ± 0.00494
(0.0016)

-0.0161 ± 0.00501
(0.0031)

-0.0185 ± 0.00609
(0.0049)

0.0127 ± 0.00613
(0.0475)

specific leaf area

0.0149 ± 0.00474
(0.0035)

0.0149 ± 0.00490
(0.0046)

-0.0178 ± 0.00577
(0.0040)

-0.00979 ± 0.00577
(0.0991)

NLS

Coefficients